December 22, 2017
Protected: Conversation with Pedro Azara,
curator of ‘Sumer and the Modern Paradigm’ at the Fundació Miró, Barcelona
The
exhibition ‘Sumer and the Modern
Paradigm’ at the Fundació Miro, Barcelona,
elicits a conversation between Mesopotamian art and the works of modern
artists, particularly during the interwar period (1918-1939). Works of artists
such as Juan Miró, Henri Moore, Alberto Giacommetti and Willi Baumeister sit
alongside Sumerian artefacts and illustrated media of the period. By placing
artworks, ancient artefacts and print cultures in dialogue, the exhibition
reveals how the figuration of Mesopotamian art found its way into the Western
artistic imagination. The exhibition also presents Francis Alÿs’ video
work Colour Matching (2017), originally commissioned by the
Ruya Foundation for the Iraq Pavilion at
the 57th Venice Biennale.
Ruya
speaks to the exhibition’s curator Pedro Azara about the exhibition and what
ancient artefacts can tell us about art, aesthetics and modernity.
What
prompted the exhibition ‘Sumer and the Modern Paradigm’ at this time?
Two years ago my colleague Marc Marín visited Son Boter, the studio of Joan
Miró in Palma de Mallorca. He noticed images of Sumerian artefacts which Miró
had cut out of a magazine and stuck to the walls of his studio. The pictured
artefacts came from the collection of the Iraq Museum in Baghdad, and they had
travelled to museums in Europe. The graffitis on the walls of Miró’s studio
corresponded to these images. In turn, the artist developed these graffitis
into sculptures. Miró, we discovered, had a fascination with Mesopotamian
artefacts. Yet no scholar or art historian had interpreted the graffitis and
the photos in his studio in this way before. Instead, critics have placed his
work within a Western art historical tradition, which includes the Graeco-Roman
antiquities.
Modernists
drew inspiration from the ancient and ethnographic artefacts housed in Western
universal museums like the British Museum in London and the Louvre in Paris.
Why did you focus specifically on the influence of Sumerian art?
Important archaeological excavations took place in Iraq in the 1920s and 1930s,
such as Leonard Woolley’s excavations of the Royal Tombs of Ur and Henri
Frankfort’s discovery of religious limestone statues in the Diyala Valley. Yet
artists had little access to the Sumerian artefacts that were being collected
by European museums. When it came to Iraq, institutions like the British Museum
and the Louvre presented Assyrian artefacts, which were monumental, large and
spectacular. These museums gave less importance to Sumerian artefacts which
were cruder, smaller, often broken or chipped. Yet it is this perceived
primitivism of Sumerian art which also attracted artists.
The
exhibition also includes clippings from magazines, art journals and exhibition
catalogues. How important were these print cultures in connecting artists to
the ancient world?
The artists often never saw the physical artefacts and came across them through
the photographs and essays that were published in the media. Woolley and other
archaeologists publicised their discoveries through illustrated press coverage
in order to secure private patrons for their excavations. The French Surrealist
Georges Bataille also wrote about Mesopotamian artefacts in modern art and art
theory journals. In 1935 the French journal Cahiers d’Arts published the issue
‘L’Art de la Mésopotamie’, which was widely read by modern artists such as
Giacometti. The issue included the Argentine photographer Horacio Coppolla’s
black and white photographs of masterpieces from the Louvre and the British
Museum.
How
did modernist photography of the period shape the way that artists interpreted
these artefacts
Coppola’s portrayals had a direct impact on how the artists saw and interpreted
these ancient artefacts. The photographer is better known for his portrayals of
urban life, and his approach to the artefacts was modern. He did not photograph
the entire statues but gave a partial view, focusing on certain figurative
aspects such as the shape of the eyes. His images are almost abstract: the
viewer can’t tell which culture they come from. Modern artists interpreted
artefacts from the perspective of their own time. These artefacts were produced
as functional objects, often with magical properties and religious
significance. Yet we look at artefacts in the same way that we admire art works.
Modern artists shaped this relationship.
Which
characteristics of Sumerian artefacts do you think inspired these artists the
most?
Many aspects of the artefacts inspired artists from their figural
representations to cuneïform script and myth. The sculptor Henri Moore praised
the stillness and ‘conserved energy’ in the sculptures of Sumerian worshippers
and of Gudea, a ruler in Southern Mesopotamia in the 21st century BCE. Moore
tried to recreate this tranquility in his own sculptures, drawing on physical
aspects of these artefacts such as their large eyes and the shape of their
heads. Meanwhile, the French poet Henri Michaux created a series of imaginary
writings based on Sumerian cuneiform script. Michaux considered cuneiform to be
one of the first examples of writing in the history of mankind, and he believed
that the script came closest to communicating what a thing is. The German
artist Willy Baumeister was particularly interested in the portrayals of
violence and conflict in the epic of Gilgamesh. It was a way for him to
understand what was going on in Germany in the interwar period and in WWII.
What
is your favorite piece in the presentation at the Fundació Miro?
We’ve presented the drawing of a head of Gudea by Giacometti, alongside the
original artefact which is currently housed at the Louvre. However, we know
that the artist copied a plastic reproduction of the head, and that he came
across the artefact in a photograph by Copolla from the Cahiers d’Art. We’ve
also presented the photograph and pages from the Cahiers.
The
only contemporary art work in the exhibition is Francis Alÿs’s Colour
Matching (2017). The artist filmed this piece while embedded with the
Peshmerga in the first weeks of the Battle for Mosul in November 2016. Why did
you chose this work in particular?
Colour Matching shows an artist trying to produce an artwork in a
place that looks like an archaeological site, but which is in fact a war zone.
The piece highlighted questions that we had about the contemporary relationship
between art and the ancient world of Mesopotamia. How does ancient culture
inspire artists today? Does the lure of the Near East persist in their
imaginations? How can contemporary artists engage with the region and its
current wars?
Archaeological
excavations of the 20s and 30s took place when the Near East was divided into
Western colonies and mandates. How did artists of the period respond to this
political context?
Few of the artists who engaged with artefacts were aware that the works were a
consequence of colonialism. Fewer even saw these artefacts as symbols of
oppression. Writers like Bataille and the French surrealist Michel Leiris
alluded to this in their texts, but from our research, it doesn’t seem that
artists like Giacommetti or Moore took this into consideration.
The
interwar period and the culmination of WWII lead to the emergence of key
questions about dealing with art and artefacts in times of conflict. What can
we learn from this and apply to today’s context?
After WWII, many debates and questions surfaced about the safeguarding of
artefacts in times of conflict. To what extent should we restore these lost or
stolen objects? Should we reproduce replicas? Should we preserve some of the
destruction? Most of Warsaw was destroyed in 1944. The Old Town has been entirely
reconstructed in its historic urban and architectural form. Frankfurt has
recently initiated the reconstruction of the DomRömer Quarter in the city’s old
centre. I am not satisfied with this approach because it prioritises the
historic image of the city, while overlooking other factors. In Rotterdam they
decided to create an entirely new, modern city. Such questions about
post-trauma recovery are also present today in Iraq. Ruins help us understand
that what we can’t live forever. They also remind us that as human beings, we
are capable of great violence and atrocities. Likewise, they show that art
itself is transient, and not made for eternity.
‘Sumer
and the Modern Paradigm’ runs until 21 January 2018 at the Fundació Miró, Parc
de Monjuïc, 08038 Barcelona.
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